Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center | Martin Markowitz, M.D.

The Markowitz Laboratory at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center engages in translational and clinical research addressing issues of HIV-1 pathogenesis and treatment. Laboratory-based research is performed at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center whereas all clinical studies are performed at The Rockefeller University Hospital.

Central to our efforts is our Primary Infection Program. For the past 12 years we have actively recruited newly infected individuals for studies of HIV-1 pathogenesis and treatment. We are funded by the National Institutes of Health to track the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance, and will expand these studies to include newer targets such as gp41 and HIV-1 integrase. We are also engaged in experiments which seek to understand determinants of fitness of drug resistant viruses.

In addition our program has been a key contributor to understanding the role of the gastrointestinal tract during acute and early HIV-1 infection. We have found that HIV-1 is preferentially targeted to the gastrointestinal mucosa and results in depletion of effector memory mucosal CD4+ T cells. This lesion fails to reconstitute completely despite apparently suppressive antiviral therapy and persists in approximately 70% of patients. We are actively exploring why this lesion persists and attempting to better understand potential consequences.

In response to continued high rates of transmission here in NYC, we are actively seeking funding to establish a multidisciplinary team combining our expertise in virology and clinical HIV medicine with behavioral scientists, epidemiologists and population modelers to better understand the factors fueling the continued epidemic among men who have sex with men here in New York City.

Importantly, we continue to explore novel treatments for acute and early HIV-1 infection that may result in superior outcomes to standard antiviral therapy.

Finally, we are also active participants in multicenter efforts to better understand issues surrounding HIV-1 pathogenesis and are contributors to the Elite Controller Collaborative Study and the Center for HIV-AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI).

In addition to the study of acute and early infection and HIV pathogenesis, we have been active participants in the development of new agents to treat HIV-1 infection. Critical to this effort has been a successful partnership with industry and the health care providers who refer their patients for study. Over the years we have been assisted in the development of protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and most recently inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Our unique clinical research setting allows us to perform a wide range of activities from detailed pharmacokinetic studies during early phase development to larger Phase III studies of safety and efficacy leading to drug approval by regulatory agencies. The Rockefeller University Hospital and the ADARC staff provide clinical, social, and psychological support for our study participants, while maintaining close relationships with primary care providers.

NAME: Martin Markowitz, M.D.

TELEPHONE: 212-448-5000
TELEFAX: 212-725-1126
E-MAIL: mmarkowitz@adarc.org

EDUCATION

1970-1974	B.A., Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
1974-1978	M.D., Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California

INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY

1978-1979	Internship, Medicine, Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
1979-1981	Residency, Medicine, Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

FELLOWSHIP TRAINING

1981-1982	Clinical Fellow, Hematology/Oncology, Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
1982-1983	Research Fellow, Hematology/Oncology, Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
1991-1992	Clinical Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU/Bellevue, New York, NY
1992-1994	Postdoctoral Fellow, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY

CLINICAL APPOINTMENTS

1983-1984	Chief Clinical Fellow, Instructor, Dept. of Medicine, Div. Hematology/Oncology Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
1984-1985	Assistant Attending Physician, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
1988-1985	Attending Adult Hematologist, Regional Comprehensive Hemophilia Diagnostic and Treatment Center, Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
1985-1989	Attending Hematologist/Oncologist, Spellman Center for the Treatment of HIV- Related Disease, St. Clare’s Hospital, New York, NY
1989	Acting Director, Spellman Center, St. Clare’s Hospital, New York, NY
1985-1990	Attending Staff, Dept of Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York, NY
1995-1996	Visiting Associate Physician, Rockefeller University Hospital, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY
1996-present	Adjunct Associate Physician, Cornell Medical College, Division of Infectious Diseases. New York, NY
1996-present	Associate Physician, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY

ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS

1984-1985	Instructor, Dept. of Medicine/Div. Hematology/Oncology, Cornell Medical College
1994-1995	Instructor, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
1995-1996	Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Medical School, New York, NY
1995-present	Staff Investigator, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY
1995-2000	Assistant Professor, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
1998-present	Clinical Director, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center
2000-2002	Associate Professor of Clinical Investigation, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
2003-2006	Aaron Diamond Associate Professor at The Rockefeller University
2006-present	Aaron Diamond Professor with tenure at The Rockefeller University

Licensure: New York #145826

COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS AND BOARD MEMBERSHIP

1997-present	Scientific Advisory Board, GlaxoSmithKline
1997-2000	Scientific Advisory Board, Agouron Pharmaceuticals
1998-present	Scientific Advisory Board, Merck & Company
1998-2003	Scientific Advisory Board, Bristol-Myers Squibb
1998	Review Committee, National Cancer Institute, Developmental Therapeutics Program
1998-2002	Director, Clinical Core, Columbia University-Rockefeller University Center for AIDS Research
1998-2003	American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR), Scientific Grants Review
1998-2002	Editor, AIDS Treatment Report, amfAR
1998-present	Editorial Board, Physicians Research Network
1999-2002	Board of Directors, Mothers Voices (to end AIDS)
1999-2002	Editorial Board, Thrive Magazine, Los Angeles, California
1999-2001	Scientific Advisory Board, Structured Treatment Interruption Workshop Committee
2000-present	Associate Editor, Journal of AIDS
2000-2003	Scientific Advisory Board, Triangle Pharmaceuticals
2001-present	Scientific Advisory Board, Gilead Sciences
2001-2004	Scientific Advisory Board, Boehringer Ingelheim
2001-present	NIH Study Section- Special Emphasis Panel, HIV/AIDS
2001-2004	Kenya AIDS Watch Institute (KAWI), Advisor to Board of Directors
2001-2002	Vice-chair Acute Infection Early Disease Research Program (AIEDRP) Executive Committee
2002-2003	Chair, Acute Infection Early Disease Research Program (AIEDRP) Executive Committee
2002-2005	Director, Virology Core, Columbia University-Rockefeller University Center for AIDS Research
2003-present	Member, Acute Infection Early Disease Research Program (AIEDRP) Executive Committee
2002-2003	Member, General Clinical Research Center Advisory Committee, Rockefeller University
2002-present	Consultant, Indiana University/Moi University School of Medicine CIPRA Program, Eldoret, Kenya
2002-2005	Member, UN Millennium Project Task Force on HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria and Access to Essential Medicines
2003-2004	Member, The Rockefeller University Hospital Institutional Review Board
2003-present	Scientific Advisor, Campbell Foundation, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2004-present	Member, Scientific Advisory Board, Sequoia Pharmaceuticals
2005-2007	Member, Experimental Therapeutics Research Agenda Committee (ET RAC), ACTG (Renamed Translational Research and Drug Development {TRADD} as of 2006)
2006-present	Volunteer Physician Panelist - AIDS Educations Global Information System (AEGIS)
2006-present	Chair, Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), Panacos Pharmaceuticals
2007-present	Committee Member, AIDS Research Review (AIDSRRC), Bethesda, Maryland
2007-present	Reviewer, Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute
2009-present	Chairperson, AIDS Research Review (AIDSRRC), Bethesda, Maryland

PROTOCOL ACTIVITIES

2003-2007	Protocol Chair, CORE01/ACTG 5228 – Acute HIV Infection and Early Research Program (AIEDRP)
2004-2008	Protocol Chair, AIN501/ACTG 5216 – A Randomized Phase II Study of the Safety, Immunologic and Virologic Effects of Cyclosporine A in Conjunction with Trizivir and Kaletra versus Trizivir and Kaletra Alone during Primary HIV-1 Infection.
2004-2007	Protocol Virologist, AIN503/ACTG 5217 – A Randomized Study of Treatment with Tenofovir DF, Emtricitabine, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir versus no Therapy in Newly Infected HIV-1 Infected Subjects to Determine Whether Potent Antiretroviral Therapy Alters the Virologic Setpoint.

CERTIFICATIONS

1981	Board Certification: Internal Medicine
1984	Hematology
1983	Medical Oncology

BOARD ELIGIBILITY

Infectious Diseases

HONORS

Phil Beta Kappa

AWARDS

06/2001	amfAR Award of Courage, New York, NY.
03/2002	Honoree – 10th Annual Mothers’ Voices Breakfast, New York, NY.

MEMBERSHIPS

American Society of Microbiology

Infectious Disease Society of America

International AIDS Society

JOURNAL ASSIGNMENTS

Associate Editor, Journal of AIDS

Editor, The PRN Notebook, Physicians Research Network

Reviewer, Journal of the American Medical Association

Reviewer, Journal of Virology

Reviewer, Lancet

Reviewer, Journal of Infectious Diseases

Reviewer, AIDS and Human RetroViruses

Reviewer, PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Reviewer, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Reviewer, Blood

Reviewer PLOS Pathogens

Reviewer AIDS

Guest Editor, Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS: Vol. 3, No. 1

PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS

Feigert, J., Sweet, D., Coleman, M., Variakojis, D., Wisch, N., Schulman, J., and Markowitz, M. 1990. Multicentric Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia with Peripheral Neuropathy, Pseudotumor Cerebrii, IgA Dysproteinemia and Thrombocytosis in Women. Ann. Intl. Med. 113(5):362-67.
Ho, D.D., Neumann, A.U., Perelson, A.S., Chen, W., Leonard, J.M., and Markowitz, M. 1995. Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infection. Nature 373:123-26.
Markowitz, M., Mo, M., Kempf, D., Norbeck, D., Bhat, T., Erickson J.W., and Ho. D.D. 1995. Selection and Analysis of HIV-1 Variants with Increased Resistance to ABT-538, a Novel Protease Inhibitor. J. Virol. 69(2):701-06.
Markowitz, M., Saag, M., Powderly, W., Hurley, A., Hsu, A., Valdes, J., Henry, D., Sattler, F., LaMarca, A., Leonard, J.M., and Ho. D.D. 1995. A Preliminary Study of Ritonavir, an Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease, to Treat HIV-1 Infection. N. Eng. J. Med. 333:1534-39.
Mo, H., Markowitz, M., Majer, P., Burt, S.K., Gulnik, S., Erickson, J.W., and Ho, D.D. 1996. Design, Synthesis, and Resistance Patterns of MP-134 and MP-167, Two Novel Inhibitors of HIV Type 1 Protease. AIDS Res. Hum. RetroViruses. 12(1):55-61.
Patick, A., Mo, H., Markowitz, M., Appelt, K., Wu, B., Musik, L., Kalish, V., Kaldor, S., Reich, S., Ho, D.D., and Webber, S. 1996. Antiviral Activity and Resistance Studies of AG1343, an Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemother. 40(2):292-97.
Perelson, A., Neumann, A.U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J.M., and Ho, D.D. 1996. HIV-1 Dynamics In Vivo: Virion Clearance Rate, Infected Cell Life Span, and Viral Generation Time. Science. 271:1582-86.
Molla, A., Korneyeva, M., Gao, Q., Vasavanonda, S. Schipper, P.J., Mo, H., Markowitz, M., Chernyavskty, T., Niu, P., Lyons, N., Hsu, A., Granneman, G.R., Ho, D.D., Boucher, C.A.B., Leonard, J.M., Norbeck, D.W., and Kempf, D. 1996. Ordered Accumulation of Mutations in HIV Protease Confers Resistance to Ritonavir. Nat. Med. 2:760-66.
Perelson, A.S., Essunger, P., Cao, Y., Vesanen, M., Hurley, A., Saksela, K., Markowitz, M., and Ho D.D. 1997. Decay Characteristics of HIV-1-Infected Compartments During Combination Therapy. Nature. 387:188-91.
Binley, J.M., Klasse, P.J., Cao, Y., Jones, I., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., and Moore. J.P. 1997. Differential Regulation of the Antibody Responses to Gag and Env Proteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 71:2799-2809.
Poppe, S.M., Slade, D.E., Chong, K.T., Hinshaw, R.R., Pagano, P.J., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., Gorman III, R.R., Dueweke, T.J., Thaisrivongs, S., and Tarpley, W.G. 1997. Antiviral Activity of the Dihydropyrone PNU-140690, A New Non-peptidic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemother. 41: 1058-63.
Vesanen, M., Markowitz, M., Cao, Y., Ho, D.D., and Saksela, K. 1997. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 mRNA Splicing Patterns In Infected Persons Is Determined by the Proportion of Newly Infected Cells. Virology. 236:104-9.
Finzi, D., Hermankova, M., Pierson, T., Carruth, L.M., Buck, C., Chaisson, R.E., Quinn, T.C., Chadwick, K., Margolick, J., Brookmeyer, R., Gallant, J., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., Richman, D.D., and Siliciano, R.F. 1997. Identification of an Antiretroviral for HIV-1 Infected-Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Science. 278:1295-1300.
Delwart, E., Pan, H., Neumann, A., and Markowitz, M. 1998. Rapid, Transient Changes At the env Locus of Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Populations During the Emergence of Protease Inhibitor Resistance. J. Virol. 72:2416-21.
Markowitz, M., Conant, M., Hurley, A., Schluger, R., Duran, M., Peterkin, J., Chapman, S., Patick, A., Hendricks, A., Yuen, G.J., Hoskins, W., Clendennin, N, and Ho, D.D. 1998. A Preliminary Evaluation of Nelfinavir Meyslate, an Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Protease, to Treat HIV Infection. J.Infect.Dis. 177:1533-40.
Eastman, P.S., J. Mittler, R. Kelso, C. Gee, E. Boyer, J. Kolberg, M. Urdea, J.M. Leonard, D. W. Norbeck, H. Mo, and Markowitz, M.. 1998. Genotypic Changes In Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Associated With Loss of Suppression of Plasma Viral RNA Levels In Subjects Treated With Ritonavir (Norvir) Monotherapy. J. Virol. 72:5154-64.
Morris, L., Binley, J.M., Clas, B.A., Bonhoeffer, S., Astill, T.P., Kost, R., Hurley, A., Cao, Y., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., and Moore, J.P. 1998. HIV-1 Antigen-Specific and Nonspecific B cell Responses Are Sensitive to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Exp. Med. 188:233-45.
Boden, D., and Markowitz, M. 1998. Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Protease Inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 42:2775-83.
Ogg, G. S., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Dunbar, P. R., Nowak, M.A., Monard, S., Segal, J. P., Cao, Y., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Cerundolo, V., Hurley, A. Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., Nixon, D. F., and McMichael, A. J. 1998. Quantitation of HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Plasma Load of RNA. Science 279(5359):2103-06.
Patick, A.K., Duran, M., Cao, Y., Shugarts, D., Keller, M.R., Mazabel, E., Knowles, M., Chapman, S., Kuritzkes, D.R., and Markowitz, M. 1998. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Isolated From Patients Treated With the Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 42:2367-44.
Ogg, G.S., Jin. X., Bonhoeffer, S., Moss, P., Nowak, M.A., Monard, S., Segal, J.P., Cao, Y., Rowland-Jones, S.L., Hurley, A., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., McMichael, A.J., and Nixon, D.F. 1999. Decay Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Specific Effector Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes after Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 73:797-800.
Cameron, D.W., Japour, A.J., Xu, Y., Hsu, A., Mellors, J., Farthing, C., Cohen, C., Poretz, D., Markowitz, M., Follansbee, S., Angel, J.B., McMahon, D., Ho, D.D., Devanarayan, V., Rode, R., Salgo, M.P., Kempf, D.J., Granneman, R., Leonard, J.M, and Sun, E. 1999. Ritonavir and Saquinavir Combination Therapy for the Treatment of HIV Infection. AIDS 13:213-24.
Markowitz, M., Vesanen, M., Tenner-Racz, K., Cao, Y., Binley, J.M., Talal, A., Hurley, A., Jin, X., Chaudhry, M.R., Yaman, M., Frankel, S., Heath-Chiozzi, M., Leonard, J.M., Moore, J.P., Racz, P., Nixon, D.F., and Ho, D.D. 1999. The Effect of Commencing Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Soon After Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection on Viral Replication and Antiviral Immune Responses. J. Infect. Dis. 179:527-37.
Nixon, D.F., Douek, D., Kuebler, P.J., Jin, X., Vesanen, M., Bonhoeffer, S., Cao, Y., Koup, R.A., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 1999. Molecular Tracking of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Specific Cytotoxic T-cell Clone Shows Persistence of Clone-specific T-cell Receptor DNA But Not RNA Following Early Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Immunol. Letters. 66:219-28.
Lewin, S.R., Vesanen, M., Kostrikis, L., Hurley, A., Duran, M., Zhang, L., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 1999. Use of Real-time PCR and Molecular Beacons to Detect Virus Replication In Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Individuals On Prolonged Effective Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 73:6099-6103.
Zhang, L., Ramratnam, B., Tenner-Racz, K., He, Y., Vesanen, M., Lewin, S., Talal, A., Racz, P., Perelson, A.S., Korber, B.T., Markowitz, M., and Ho, D.D. 1999. Quantifying Residual HIV-1 Replication In Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. N. Eng. J. Med. 340:1605-13.
Ramratnam, B., Bonhoeffer, S., Binley, J., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Mittler, J.E., Markowitz, M., Moore, J.P., Pereleson, A.S., and Ho, D.D. 1999. Rapid Production and Clearance of HIV-1 and Hepatitis C Virus Particles in Infected Individuals As Defined By Large Volume Plasma Apheresis. Lancet 354:1782-85.
Boden, D., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Guo, Y., Jones, E., Tsay, J., Ip, J., Farthing, C., Limoli, K., Parkin, N., and Markowitz, M. 1999. Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance In 80 Newly Infected Individuals. JAMA 282:1135-41.
Zhang, L., Lewin, S.R., Markowitz, M., Lin, H. H., Skulsky, E., Karanicolas, R., He, Y., Jin, X., Tuttleton, S., Vesanen, M., Spiegel, H., Kost, R., van Lunzen, J., Stelbrink, H. J., Wolinsky, S., Borkowsky, W., Palumbo, P., Kostrikis, L. G., and Ho, D.D. 1999. Measuring Recent Thymic Emigrants In Blood of Normal Persons and HIV-1-Infected Patients Before and After Effective Therapy. J. Exp. Med. 190:725-32.
Mittler, J. E., Markowitz, M., Ho, D. D., Perelson, A. S. 1999. Improved Estimates for HIV-1 Clearance Rate and Intracellular Delay. AIDS. 13(11):1415-17.
Parkin, N. T., Lie, Y. S., Hellmann, N., Markowitz, M., Bonhoeffer, S. Ho, D. D., Petropoulos, C. J. 1999. Phenotypic Changes in Drug Susceptibility Associated With the Failure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Triple Combination Therapy. J. Infect Dis. 180(3):865-70.
Markowitz, M. 1999. Acute HIV-1 Infection: Early Identification and Treatment. Amer. Fam. Phys. 60(2):413-18.
Ortiz, G.M., Nixon, D.F., Trkola, A., Binley, J., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Kuebler, P.J., Donahoe, S.M., Demoitie, M.A., Kakimoto, W.M., Ketas, T., Clas, B., Heymann, J.J., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Hurley, A., Moore, J.P., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 1999. HIV-1-Specific Immune Responses in Subjects Who Temporarily Contain Virus Replication after Discontinuation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 104:R13-18.
Binley, J.M., Schiller, D.S., Ortiz, G.M., Hurley, A., Nixon, D.F., Markowitz, M., and Moore, J.P. 2000. The Relationship between T-proliferative Responses and Plasma Viremia during Treatment of HIV-1 Infection with Combination Antiviral Therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 181:1249-63.
Schiller, D.S., Binley, J.M., Roux, K.H., Adamson, C.S., Jones, I.M., Krausslich, H-G., Hurley, A., Markowitz, M., and Moore, J.P. 2000. Parameters Influencing Measurement of the Gag Antigen-Specific T-proliferative Response to HIV-1 Infection. AIDS Res. Hum RetroViruses 16:259-71.
Markowitz, M. 2000. Resistance, Fitness, Adherence, and Potency: Mapping the Paths to Virologic Failure. JAMA 283(2):250-51.
Ramratnam, B., Mittler, J.E., Zhang, L., Boden, D., Hurley, A., Fang, F., Macken, C.A., Perelson, A.S., Markowitz, M., and Ho, D.D. 2000. The Decay Of the latent Reservoir of Replication-competent HIV-1 Is Inversely Correlated with the Extent of Residual Viral Replication during Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy. Nat. Med. 6:82-85.
Smith, D., Berrey, M.M., Robertson, M., Mehrotra, D., Markowitz, M., Perrin, L., Clumeck, N., Lazzarin, A., Burckhardt, B., Weber, R., Corey, L., and Cooper, D. 2000. Virological and Immunological Effects of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy With Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Indinavir During Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Infect. Dis. 189:950-54.
Zhang, L., Chung, C., Hu, B., He, T., Guo, Y., Kim, A.J., Skulsky, E., Jin, X., Hurley, A., Ramratnam, B., Markowitz, M., and Ho, D.D. 2000. Genetic Characterization of Rebounding HIV-1 after Cessation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 106(7):839-45.
Jin, X., Ogg, G., Bonhoeffer, S., Safrit, J., Vesanen, M., Bauer, D., Chen, D., Cao, Y., Demoitie, M.A., Zhang, L., Markowitz, M., Nixon, D., McMichael, A., and Ho, D.D. 2000. An Antigenic Threshold for Maintaining Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Mol Med 6(9):803-9.
Talal, A.H., Monard, S., Vesanen, M., Zheng, Z., Hurley, A., Cao, Y., Fang, F.N., Irwin, C., Smiley, L., Johnson, J., Ho, D.D., Kost, R., and Markowitz, M. 2001. Virologic and Immunologic Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 In Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue. JAIDS 26:1-7.
Kost, R.G., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Vesanen, M., Talal, A., Furlan, S., Caldwell, P., Johnson, J., Smiley, L., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2001. An Open Label Phase II Trial: Amprenavir, Abacavir, and Zidovudine/Lamivudine in Newly and Chronically HIV-1-Infected Subjects. JAIDS 26:332-39.
Mittler, J., Essunger, P., Yuen, G.J., Clendeninn, N., Markowitz, M., and Perelson, A.S. 2001. Short-term Measures of Relative Efficacy Predict Longer-term Reductions In Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels Following Nelfinavir Monotherapy. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 45:1438-43.
Mohri, H., Perelson, A.S., Tung, K., Ribeiro, R.M., Ramratnam, B., Markowitz, M., Costa, R., Hurley, A., Weinberger, L., Cesar, D., Hellerstein, M.K., and Ho, D.D. 2001. Increased Turnover of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infection and Its Reduction by Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Exp. Med. 194:1277-87.
Ortiz, G.M., Hu, J., Goldwitz, J.A., Chandwani, R., Larsson, M., Bhardwaj, N., Bonhoeffer, S., Ramratnam, B., Zhang, L., Markowitz, M., and Nixon, D.F. 2002. Residual Viral Replication during Antiretroviral Therapy Boosts Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ T-cell Responses in Subjects Treated Early after Infection. J. Virol. 76:411-15.
Jin, X., Ramanathan, Jr., M., Barsoum, S., Deschenes, G.R., Ba, L., Binley, J., Schiller, D., Bauer, D.E., Chen, D.C., Hurley, A., Gebuhrer, L., El Habib, R., Caudrelier, P., Klein, M., Zhang, L., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2002. Safety and Immunogenicity of ALVAC vCP1452 and Recombinant gp160 in Newly Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type1-Infected Patients Treated with Prolonged Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 76:2206-16.
Louie, M., and Markowitz, M. 2002. Goals and Milestones during Treatment of HIV-1 Infection with Antiretroviral Therapy: A Pathogenesis-based Perspective. Antiviral Res. 55:15-25.
Kijak, G.H., Simon, V., Balfe, P., Vanderhoeven, J., Pampuro, S.E., Zala, C., Ochoa, C., Cahn, P., Markowitz, M., and Salomon, H. 2002. Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Quasispecies Emerging After Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption In Patients With Therapeutic Failure. J. Virol. 76:7000-9.
Zhang, L., Rowe, L., He, T., Chung, C., Yu, J., Wenjie, Y., Talal, A., Markowitz, M., and Ho., D.D. 2002. Compartmentalization of Surface Envelope Glycoprotein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 During Acute and Chronic Infection. J. Virol. 76:9465-73.
Simon, V., Vanderhoeven, J., Hurley, A., Ramratnam, B., Louie, M., Dawson, K., Parkin, N., and Markowitz, M. 2002. Evolving Patterns of HIV-1 Resistance to Antiretroviral Agents in Newly Infected Individuals. AIDS 16:1511-19.
Little, S.J., Holte, S., Routy, J.-P., Daar, E.S., Markowitz, M., Collier, A.C., Koup, R.A., Mellors, J.W., Connick, E., Conway, B., Kilby, M., Wang, L., Whitcomb, J.M., Hellman, N.S., and Richman, D D. 2002. Antiretroviral-Drug Resistance Among Patients Recently Infected With HIV. NEJM 347(6):385-94.
Markowitz, M., Jin, X., Hurley, A., Simon, V., Ramratnam, B., Louie, M., Deschenes, G.R., Ramanathan, M., Barsoum, S., Vanderhoeven, J., He, T., Chung, C., Murray, J., Perelson, A.S., Zhang, L., and Ho, D.D. 2002. Discontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy Commenced Early In the Course of HIV-1 Infection With or Without Adjunctive Vaccination. J Inf. Dis. 186:634-49.
Louie, M., Hogan, C., Di Mascio, M., Hurley, A., Simon, V., Rooney, J., Ruiz, N., Brun, S., Sun, E., Perelson, A., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2003. Determining the Relative Efficacy Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Inf. Dis. 187:896-900.
Markowitz, M., Louie, M., Di Mascio M., Sun, E., Perelson A., Ho, D.D. 2003. A Novel Antiviral Intervention Results in More Accurate Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Dynamics and T-cell Decay In Vivo. J. Virol. 77(8):5037-38.
Percus, J.K., Percus, O.E., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., Di Mascio, M., and Perelson, A.S. 2003. The Distribution of Viral Blips Observed in HIV-1 Infected Patients Treated With Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Bull. Math. Bio. 65:263-77.
Simon, V., Padte, N., Murray, D., Vanderhoeven, J., Wrin, T., Parkin, N., Di Mascio, M., and Markowitz, M. 2003. Infectivity and Replication Capacity of Drug-resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Isolated during Primary Infection. J Virol. 77(14):7736-45.
Padte, N., Rowe, L., Hurley, A., Simon, V., Markowitz, M. 2003. Sustained Viremia During Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy With Accelerated Proviral DNA Decay in the Setting of Infection With Syphilis. AIDS 17(14):2143-45.
Poles, M.A., Barsoum, S., Yu, W., Yu, J., Sun, P., Daly, J., He, T., Mehandru, S., Talal, A., Markowitz, M., Hurley, A., Ho, D.D., and Zhang, L. 2003. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Induces Persistent Changes in Mucosal and Blood γδ T Cells despite Suppressive Therapy. J Virol. 77(19):10456-67.
Di Mascio, M., Markowitz, M., Louie, M., Hogan, C., Hurley, A., Chung, C., Ho, D.D., and Perelson, A. S. 2003. Viral Blip Dynamics during HAART. J Virol. 77(22):12165-72.
Mehandru, S., and Markowitz, M. 2003. Tipranavir: A Novel Non-peptidic Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of HIV Infection. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 12(11):1821-28.
Ramratnam, B., Ribeiro, R., He, T., Chung, C., Simon, V., Vanderhoeven, J., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Perelson, A.S., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Intensification of Antiretroviral Therapy Accelerates the Decay of the Latent Reservoir of HIV-1 and Decreases But Does Not Eliminate Ongoing Virus Replication. JAIDS. 35(1):33-37.
Di Mascio, M., Riberio, R.M., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., and Perelson, A.S. 2004. Modeling the Long-term Control of Viremia in HIV-1 Infected Patients Treated With Antiretroviral Therapy. Math Biosci. 188(1-2):47-62.
Young, B., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Do New Protease Inhibitors Offer Improved Clinical Effectiveness? JAIDS 35(S1):S3-12.
Dixit, N.M., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., and Perelson, A.S. 2004. Estimates of Intracellular Delay and Average Drug Efficacy from Viral Load Data of HIV-Infected Individuals under Antiretroviral Therapy. Antivir. Ther. 9:237-46.
Leigh Brown, A.J., Frost, S.D., Good, B., Daar, E.S., Simon, V., Markowitz, M., Collier, A.C., Connick, E., Conway, B., Margolick, J.B., Routy, J.P., Corbeil, J., Hellmann, N.S., Richman, D.D., and Little, S.J. 2004. Genetic Basis of Hypersusceptibility to Protease Inhibitors and Low Replicative Capacity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strain in Primary Infection. J. Virol. 78(5):2242-46.
Mehandru, S., Poles, M.A., Tenner-Racz, K., Horowitz, A., Hurley, A., Hogan, C., Boden, D., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Primary HIV-1 Infection Is Associated With Preferential Depletion of CD4+ T Lymphocytes From Effector Sites in the Gastrointestinal Tract. J Exp Med. 200(6):761-70.
Di Mascio, M., Markowitz, M., Louie, M., Hurley, A., Hogan, C., Simon, V., Follmann, D., Ho, D.D., and Perelson, A.S. 2004. Dynamics of Intermittent Viremia During Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Who initiate Therapy During Chronic vs Acute and Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J Virol. 78(19):10566-73.
Mehandru, S., Wrin, T., Galovich J., Stiegler, G., Vcelar, B., Hurley, A., Hogan, C., Vasan, S., Katinger, H., Petropoulos, C.J., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Neutralization Profiles of Newly Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Monoclonal Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10. J. Virol. 78(24):14039-42.
Mascio, M., Percus, J.K., Percus, O.E., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., and Perelson, A.S. 2005. Duration of an Intermittent Episode of Viremia. Bul. Math. Biol. 67:885-900.
Markowitz, M., Mohri, H., Mehandru, S., Shet, A., Berry, L., Kalyanaraman, R. Kim, A., Chung, C., Jean-Pierre, P., Horowitz, A., La Mar, M., Wrin, T., Parkin, N., Poles, M., Petropoulos, C., Mullen, M., Boden, D., and Ho, D.D. 2005. Infection with Multi-drug Resistant, Dual-tropic HIV-1 and Rapid Progression of AIDS: A Case Report. Lancet 365(9464):1031-38.
Markowitz, M., Hill-Zabala, C., Lang, J., DeJesus, E., Qiming, L., Lanier, E.R., Davis, E.A., and Shaefer, M. for the ESS40013 Study Team. 2005. Induction With Abacavir/Lamivudine/Zidovudine + Efavirenz for 48 Weeks Followed by 48-week Maintenance With Abacavir/Lamivudine/Zidovudine Alone in Antiretroviral Naïve HIV-1 Infected Patients. JAIDS 39(3):257-64.
Mehandru, S., Tenner-Racz, K., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2005. The Gastrointestinal Tract is Critical to the Pathogenesis of Acute HIV-1 Infection. J of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 116:419-22.
Shet, A., Berry, L., Mohri, H., Mehandru, S., Chung, C., Kim, A., Jean-Pierre, P., Hogan, C., Simon, V., Boden, B. and Markowitz, M. 2006. Tracking the Prevalence of Transmitted Antiretroviral Drug-Resistant HIV-1: A Decade of Experience. JAIDS 41(4):439-46.
Shet, A. and Markowitz, M. 2006. Transmitted Multidrug Resistant HIV-1: New and Investigational Therapeutic Approaches. Curr. Opin in Invest. Drugs 7(8):709-20.
Low A., and Markowitz, M. 2006. Predictors of Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Reader 16:425-37.
Hecht, L.M., Wang, L., Coller, A., Little, S., Markowitz, M., Margolick, J., Kilby, J.M., Daar, E., Conway, B. and Holte, S. 2006. A Multicenter Observational Study of the Potential Benefits of Initiating Combination Antiretroviral Therapy during Acute HIV-1 Infection. J Infect. Dis. 194(6):725-33
DeJesus, E., Berger, D., Markowitz, M., Cohen, C. Hawkins, T, Ruane, P., Elion, R., Farthing, C. Zhong, L. Cheng, A.K., McColl, D., and Kearney, B.P. 2006. Antiviral Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Dose Response of the HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor GS-9137 (JTK-303) in Treatment-Naïve and Treatment-Experienced Patients. JAIDS 43:1-5.
Mehandru, S., Poles, M.A., Tenner-Racz, K., Manuelli, Jean-Pierre, P., Lopez, P., Shet, A., Low, A., Mohri, H., Boden, D., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2006. Lack of Mucosal Immune Reconstitution during Prolonged Treatment of Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Med ¬3(12):e484.
Markowitz, M., Morales-Ramirez, J.O., Nguyen, B.Y., Kovacs, C.M., Steigbigel, R.T., Cooper, D.A., Loprace, R., Schwartz, R., Isaacs, R., Gilde, L.R., Wenning, L., Zhao, J., Teppler, H., and the Protocol 004 Study Team. 2006. Antiretroviral Activity, Dosed Monotherapy for 10 Days in Treatment-Naive HIV-1 Infected. JAIDS 43(5):509-515.
Barbour, J.D., Hecht, F.M., Little, S.J., Markowitz, M., Daar, D.S., Kelleher, A.D., Routy, J.P., Campbell, T.B., Rosenberg, E.S., Segal, M.R., Weidler, J., and Grant, R.M. 2006. Greater CD4 T-cell Gains after One Year of Antiretroviral Therapy are Associated with Lower HIV-1 pol Replication Capacity. AIDS 20(16):2123-5.
Mehandru, S. Poles, M/A., Tenner- Racz, K., Manuelli, Jean-Pierre, P., Lopez, P., Shet, A., Low, A., Mohri, H., Boden, D., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2006. Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal CD4+ T Cell Depletion during Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 81(2):599-612.
Bozzacco, L., Trumpfheller, C., Siegal, F.P., Mehandru, S., Markowitz, M., Carrington, M., Nussenzweig, M.C., Piperno, A.G., and Steinman, R.M. 2007. DEC-205 receptor on dendritic cells mediates presentation of HIV gag protein to CD8+ T cells in a spectrum of human MHC I haplotypes. PNAS 104(4):1289-94.
Markowitz, M., Perelson A.S., 2007. HIV-1 Viral Dynamics Studies in the Setting of Clinical Trials—A Window of Opportunity. J Infect Dis. 195(8):1087-8.
Clotet B, Bellos N, Molina JM, Cooper D, Goffard JC, Lazzarin A, Wohrmann A, Katlama C, Wilkin T, Haubrich R, Cohen C, Farthing C, Jayaweera D, Markowitz, M, Ruane P, Spinosa-Guzman S, Lefebvre E; Power 1 and 2 Study Groups. 2007. Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir at week 48 in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 in POWER 1 and 2: a pooled subgroup analysis of data from two randomized trials. Lancet. 369(9568):1169-1178
Markowitz, M., Slater LN, Schwartz R., Kazanjian PH, Hathaway B., Wheeler D., Goldman M., Neubacher D., Mayers D., Valdez H., McCallister S. 2007. Long-term efficacy and safety of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients failing multiple protease inhibitor regimens: 80-week data from a phase 2 study. JAIDS. 2007, 45(4):401-10
Mehandru, S., Vcelar, B., Wrin, T., Stiegler, G., Joos, B., Mohri, H., Boden, D., Galovich, J., Racz-Tenner, K., Racz, P., Carrington, M., Petropoulos, C., Katinger, H., Markowitz, M. 2007. Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection. J Virol 81 (20):11016-31
Vasan S, Poles MA, Horowitz A, Siladji EE, Markowitz, M, Tsuji M. 2007. Function of NKT cells, potential anti-HIV effector cells, are improved by beginning HAART during acute HIV-1 infection. Int Immunol 19(8):943-51.
Markowitz, M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E, Mendo F, Ratanasuwan W, Kovacs C, Prada G, Morales-Ramirez JO, Crumpacker CS, Isaacs RD, Gilde LR, Wan H, Miller MD, Wenning LA, Teppler H; Protocol 004 Part II Study Team. 2007. Rapid and durable antiretroviral effect of the HIV-1 Integrase inhibitor raltegravir as part of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: results of a 48-week controlled study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46(2):125-33.
Vcelar B, Stiegler G, Wolf HM, Muntean W, Leschnik B, Mehandru S, Markowitz, M, Armbruster C, Kunert R, Eibl MM, Katinger H. 2007. Reassessment of autoreactivity of the broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 and retrospective analysis of clinical safety data. AIDS 21(16):2161-70.
Markowitz, M, Perelson AS. 2007. HIV-1 viral dynamics studies in the setting of clinical trials--A window of opportunity. J Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 15;195(8):1087-8.
Evering TH, Markowitz, M. 2007. Raltegravir (MK-0518): An integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1. Drugs Today 43(12):865-77.
Altfeld M, Markowitz, M. 2008. Acute HIV-1 infection: past lessons, current thinking, future goals. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 3(1):1-3.
Evering TH, Markowitz, M. 2008. Raltegravir: an integrase inhibitor for HIV-1. Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs. 17(3): 413-422
Liu L, May S, Richman DD, Hecht FM, Markowitz, M, Daar ES, Routy JP, Margolick JB, Collier AC, Woelk CH, Little SJ, Smith DM. 2008. Comparison of algorithms that interpret genotypic HIV-1 drug resistance to determine the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance. AIDS. 22(7):835-9.
Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Carlson J, Streeck H, John M, Eichbaum Q, Block BL, Baker B, Kadie C, Markowitz, M, Jessen H, Kelleher AD, Rosenberg E, Kaldor J, Yuki Y, Carrington M, Allen TM, Mallal S, Altfeld M, Heckerman D, Walker BD. 2008. Marked epitope and allele-specific differences in rates of mutation in HIV-1 Gag, Pol and Nef CTL epitopes in acute/early HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. J Virol. 82(18):9216-27.
Mohri H, Markowitz, M. 2008. In vitro characterization of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 isolates from a recently infected patient associated with dual tropism and rapid disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Aug 15;48(5):511-21.
Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, Eron JE, Schechter M, Markowitz, M, Loutfy MR, Lennox JL, Gatell JM, Rockstroh JK, Katlama C, Yeni P, Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Zhao J, Chen J, Ryan DM, Rhodes RR, Killar JA, Gilde LR, Strohmaier KM, Meibohm AR, Miller MD, Hazuda DJ, Nessly ML, DiNubile MJ, Isaacs RD, Nguyen BY, Teppler H, BENCHMRK Study Teams. 2008. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 359(4):339-54.
Cooper DA, Steigbigel RT, Gatell JM, Rockstroh JK, Katlama C, Yeni P, Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Kumar PN, Eron JE, Schechter M, Markowitz, M, Loutfy MR, Lennox JL, Zhao J, Chen J, Ryan DM, Rhodes RR, Killar JA, Gilde LR, Strohmaier KM, Meibohm AR, Miller MD, Hazuda DJ, Nessly ML, DiNubile MJ, Isaacs RD, Teppler H, Nguyen BY; BENCHMRK Study Teams. 2008. Subgroup and resistance analyses of raltegravir for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 359(4):355-65.
Prada N, Davis B, Jean-Pierre P, La Roche M, Duh FM, Carrington M, Poles M, Mehandru S, Mohri H,Markowitz, M. 2008. Drug-susceptible HIV-1 infection despite intermittent fixed-dose combination tenofovir/emtricitabine as prophylaxis is associated with low-level viremia, delayed seroconversion, and an attenuated clinical course. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Oct 1;49(2):117-22.
Schneidewind A, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Power KA, Reyor LL, O'Sullivan K, Gladden A, Hempel U, Kuntzen T, Wang YE, Oniangue-Ndza C, Jessen H, Markowitz, M., Rosenberg ES, Sekaly RP, Kelleher AD, Walker BD, Allen TM. 2009. Transmission and Long term Stability of Compensated CD8 Escape Mutations. J Virol. 83(8):3993-7.
Apuzzo LG, Vaida F, Gallant JE, Ernstrom KB, Little SJ, Routy JP, Collier AC, Conway B, Markowitz, M., Hecht FM, Walker BD, Connick E, Margolick JB. 2009. Tolerability and efficacy of PI versus NNRTI-based regimens in subjects receiving HAART during acute or early HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 50(3):267-75.
Lassen KG, Lobritz MA, Bailey JR, Johnston S, Nguyen S, Lee B, Chou T, Siliciano RF, Markowitz, M., Arts EJ. 2009. Elite suppressor-derived HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins exhibit reduced entry efficiency and kinetics. PLoS Pathog. 5(4):e1000377.
Shet A, Mathema B, Mediavilla JR, Kishii K, Mehandru S, Jeane-Pierre P, Laroche M, Willey BM, Kreiswirth N, Markowitz M, Kreiswirth BN. Protocol 004 Part II Study Team. 2009. Colonization and subsequent skin and soft tissue infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a cohort of otherwise healthy adults infected with HIV type 1. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;200(1):88-93.
Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Keele BF, Learn GH, Giorgi EE, Li H, Decker JM, Wang S, Baalwa J, Kraus MH, Parrish NF, Shaw KS, Guffey MB, Bar KJ, Davis KL, Ochsenbauer-Jambor C, Kappes JC, Saag MS, Cohen MS, Mulenga J, Derdeyn CA, Allen S, Hunter E, Markowitz, M., Hraber P, Perelson AS, Bhattacharya T, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. 2009. Genetic identity, biological phenotype, and evolutionary pathways of transmitted/founder viruses in acute and early HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med. 2009 206(6):1273-89.
Levesque MC, Moody MA, Hwang KK, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Amos JD, Gurley TC, Allgood S, Haynes BB, Vandergrift NA, Plonk S, Parker DC, Cohen MS, Tomaras GD, Goepfert PA, Shaw GM, Schmitz JE, Eron JJ, Shaheen NJ, Hicks CB, Liao HX, Markowitz, M., Kelsoe G, Margolis DM, Haynes BF. 2009. Polyclonal B cell differentiation and loss of gastrointestinal tract germinal centers in the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection. PLoS Med. 6(7):e1000107.
Markowitz, M., Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E, Mendo F, Ratanasuwan W, Kovacs C, Prada G, Morales-Ramirez JO, Crumpacker CS, Isaacs RD, Campbell H, Strohmaier KM, Wan H, Danovich RM, Teppler H; Protocol 004 Part II Study Team. 2009. Sustained antiretroviral effect of raltegravir after 96 weeks of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 52(3):350-6.
Low A, Prada N, Topper M, Vaida F, Castor D, Mohri H, Hazuda D, Muesing M, Markowitz, M.. 2009. Natural polymorphisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and inherent susceptibilities to a panel of integrase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53(10):4275-82.
Markowitz, M., Vaida F, Hare CB, Boden D, Mohri H, Hecht FM, Kalayjian RC, Conrad A, Mildvan D, Aberg J, Hogan C, Kilby JM, Balfour HH Jr, Schafer K, Richman D, Little S. 2010. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 201(9):1298-302.
Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Teppler H, Eron JJ, Gatell JM, Kumar PN, Rockstroh JK, Schechter M, Katlama C, Markowitz, M., Yeni P, Loutfy MR, Lazzarin A, Lennox JL, Clotet B, Zhao J, Wan H, Rhodes RR, Strohmaier KM, Barnard RJ, Isaacs RD, Nguyen BY; BENCHMRK Study Teamsa. 2010. Long-term efficacy and safety of Raltegravir combined with optimized background therapy in treatment-experienced patients with drug-resistant HIV infection: week 96 results of the BENCHMRK 1 and 2 phase iii trials. Clin Infect Dis. 50(4):605-12.
Vasan S, Schlesinger SJ, Huang Y, Hurley A, Lombardo A, Chen Z, Than S, Adesanya P, Bunce C, Boaz M, Boyle R, Sayeed E, Clark L, Dugin D, Schmidt C, Song Y, Seamons L, Dally L, Ho M, Smith C, Markowitz, M., Cox J, Gill DK, Gilmour J, Keefer MC, Fast P, Ho DD. 2010. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADVAX, a multigenic, DNA-based clade C/B' HIV-1 candidate vaccine. PLoS One. 5(1):e8617.
Rosenberg ES, Graham BS, Chan ES, Bosch RJ, Stocker V, Maenza J, Markowitz, M., Little S, Sax PE, Collier AC, Nabel G, Saindon S, Flynn T, Kuritzkes D, Barouch DH; AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5187 Team. 2010. Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccination in individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy during acute/early HIV-1 infection. PLoS One. 5(5):e10555.
Li H, Bar KJ, Wang S, Decker JM, Chen Y, Sun C, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Learn GH, Morgan CJ, Schumacher JE, Hraber P, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Korber BT, Perelson AS, Eron JJ, Cohen MS, Hicks CB, Haynes BF, Markowitz, M., Keele BF, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. 2010. High Multiplicity Infection by HIV-1 in Men Who Have Sex with Men. PLoS Pathog. 6(5):e1000890.
Miura T, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA, Rosato P, Sela J, Brumme CJ, Pereyra F, Kaufmann DE, Trocha A, Block BL, Daar ES, Connick E, Jessen H, Kelleher AD, Rosenberg E, Markowitz, M., Schafer K, Vaida F, Iwamoto A, Little S, Walker BD. 2010. Impaired replication capacity of acute/early viruses in persons who become HIV controllers. J Virol. 84(15):7581-91.
Sabado RL, O'Brien M, Subedi A, Qin L, Hu N, Taylor E, Dibben O, Stacey A, Fellay J, Shianna KV, Siegal F, Shodell M, Shah K, Larsson M, Lifson J, Nadas A, Marmor M, Hutt R, Margolis D, Garmon D, Markowitz, M., Valentine F, Borrow P, Bhardwaj N. 2010. Evidence of dysregulation of dendritic cells in primary HIV infection. Blood. 116(19):3839-52.
Prada N, Markowitz, M.. 2010. Novel integrase inhibitors for HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 19(9):1087-98.
Brockman MA, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Miura T, Sela J, Rosato PC, Kadie CM, Carlson JM, Markle TJ, Streeck H, Kelleher AD, Markowitz, M., Jessen H, Rosenberg E, Altfeld M, Harrigan PR, Heckerman D, Walker BD, Allen TM. 2010. Early selection in Gag by protective HLA alleles contributes to reduced HIV-1 replication capacity that may be largely compensated in chronic infection. J Virol. 84(22):11937-49.
International HIV Controllers Study, Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, de Bakker PI, Markowitz, M., … Zhao M. 2010. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science. 330(6010):1551-7.
Meditz AL, MaWhinney S, Allshouse A, Feser W, Markowitz, M., Little S, Hecht R, Daar ES, Collier AC, Margolick J, Kilby JM, Routy JP, Conway B, Kaldor J, Levy J, Schooley R, Cooper DA, Altfeld M, Richman D, Connick E. 2011. Sex, race, and geographic region influence clinical outcomes following primary HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 203(4):442-51.
O'Brien M, Manches O, Sabado RL, Baranda SJ, Wang Y, Marie I, Rolnitzky L, Markowitz, M., Margolis DM, Levy D, Bhardwaj N. 2011. Spatiotemporal trafficking of HIV in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells defines a persistently IFN-α-producing and partially matured phenotype. J Clin Invest. 121(3):1088-101.
Hecht FM, Wellman R, Busch MP, Pilcher CD, Norris PJ, Margolick JB, Collier AC, Little SJ, Markowitz, M., Routy JP, Holte S; the Acute Infection Early Disease Research Program. 2011. Identifying the Early Post-HIV Antibody Seroconversion Period. J Infect Dis. 204(4):526-533.
Evering TH, Mehandru S, Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Poles MA, Figueroa A, Mohri H, Markowitz, M.. 2012. Absence of HIV-1 evolution in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue from patients on combination antiviral therapy initiated during primary infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012 Feb;8(2):e1002506.
Castor D, Low A, Evering T, Karmon S, Davis B, Figueroa A, Lamar M, Garmon D, Mehandru S, Markowitz, M.. 2012. Transmitted Drug Resistance and Phylogenetic Relationships Among Acute and Early HIV-1-Infected Individuals in New York City. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1;61(1):1-8.

CHAPTERS

Markowitz, M., Mourandian, J., Moore A. Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Diseases of the Lymphatic System, ed. Mollander. Springer-Verlag, 1984.
Markowitz, M., Nachman, R. Review of Hematology for Current Medicine, ed. Gitnick, 1986 Year Book Medical Publishers; pages 261-85.
Markowitz, M. and Ho, D.D. Resistance to Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease. In Richman D (ed). Antiviral Drug Resistance. John Wiley & Sons. pages 261-79.
Stansbury, Lynn G., Schmitt, James M., and Markowitz, M. 1995. HIV in the Workplace. In: Rom, W.N. (ed) Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 3rd Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Ramratnam, B., and Markowitz, M. Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Adults. Infection Highlights 1997. Health Press Limited, 1998, pages 73-80.
Lewin, S.R., and Markowitz, M. 1999. HIV Pathogenesis. In Humes HD (ed). Kelley's Textbook of Internal Medicine, 4th Edition, pages 2316-19.
Ramratnam, B., and Markowitz, M. 2001. Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Therapy. In De Clercq (ed). Antiretroviral Therapy, ASM Press, pages 1-10.
Mehandru, S., Shet, A., Low, A., and Markowitz, M. Acute HIV Infection. In: Dolin, Masur, Saag (ed) AIDS Therapy, 3rd Edition. Churchill and Livingstone.
Shet, A., Mehandru, S., Low, A., and Markowitz, M. HIV in the Workplace. In: Rom, W.N. (ed) Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 4th Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

INVITED LECTURES

Pediatric AIDS Foundation Workshop on Animal Models in HIV-1 Therapeutics. Newport Beach, CA. January 1995. "HIV-1 Viral Dynamics In Vivo".
Gordon Conference, Chemotherapy of AIDS. Ventura, CA. February 1995. "In Vivo Activity of ABT-538".
St. Vincent's Hospital Medical Grand Rounds. New York, NY. August 1995 "HIV Replication In Vivo-Therapeutic Implications".
European AIDS Conference. GlaxoWellcome Symposium. Copenhagen, Sweden. October 1995. "HIV Replication In Vivo".
University of Pavia. Pavia, Italy. October 1995. "HIV-1 Therapeutics and Dynamics In Vivo".
Rockefeller University. New York, NY. April 1996. "Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease: A New Force in HIV-1 Therapeutics". Symposium Co-Chair.
St. Clare's Hospital, Medical Grand Rounds. New York, NY. May 1996. "HIV Replication In Vivo-Therapeutic Implications".
Clinical Options in HIV Care. Scottsdale, AZ. May 1996. "Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease".
University of Kansas Medical Center. Kansas City, MO. June 1996. "Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease".
II International Consensus Symposium on Combined Antiviral Therapy and Implications for Future Therapies. "Ritonavir in Combination with Antiretroviral Agents". Barcelona, Spain. August 1996. Sponsored by the International Society for Antiviral Research.
Physician's Research Network Monthly Educational Meeting. New York, NY. December 1996. "Early Intervention in HIV-1 Infection".
HIV Physician's Advisory Board Meeting, Bristol-Myers-Squibb. Palm Beach, FL. January 1997. "HIV-1 Replication Dynamics In Vivo".
Invirase (Saquinavir Mesylate) Investigators Meeting. Arlington, VA. January 1997. "Combination Ritonavir/Saquinavir in Acute and Chronic HIV-1 Infection".
Agouron Regional Advisory Panel Meeting. New York, NY. January 1997. "Resistance to Antiretroviral Agents".
Agouron Regional Advisory Panel Meeting, Los Angeles, CA. February 1997. "Resistance to Antiretroviral Agents".
The Network for Oncology Communication & Research Meeting. Boca Raton, FL. February 1997. "HIV Replication Dynamics: An Oncologic Model".
Gordon Research Conference. Chemotherapy of AIDS Ventura, CA. March 1997. "Early Intervention with Aggressive Therapy".
Management of HIV, CMV, and Hepatitis. New York, NY. March 1997. "Treatment of Acute HIV Infection".
Antiviral Academy Meeting. Cannes, France. March 1997. "Eradication of HIV-1. Is It Possible?"
Laboratory of Immunology, Montreal, Canada. April 1997. "Early Intervention in the Treatment of HIV-1".
CPCRA Group Meeting. Reston, VA. May 1997. "Viral Eradication: Where Are We Now?"
Bristol-Myers Squibb. Boca Raton, FL. May 1997. "Considerations in Antiretroviral Sequencing for Long Term Therapeutic Success."
Cedar-Sinai Medical Center. Infectious Disease Grand Rounds. Los Angeles, CA. May 1997 "Eradication of HIV-1, A Continuing Experiment".
Long Island AIDS Conference. Long Island, NY. June 1997. "Is Eradication of HIV-1 Possible?"
International Medical Press. New York, NY. July 1997. "HIV Resistance, Treatment Strategies and Eradication Feedback Symposium".
American Academy of Dermatology. New York, NY. July 31, 1997. "Viral Dynamics of HIV Infection."
State University of New York Health Science Center. Comprehensive Management of HIV Disease Brooklyn, NY. September 1997. "Resistance to Antiretroviral Agents".
37th Annual Meeting at ICAAC. Toronto, Canada. September 1997. "Early Intervention. Practical Applications of Antiretroviral Therapy Using the New HHS Guidelines".
American Society for Microbiology. 37th Annual Meeting at ICAAC. Toronto, Canada. September 1997. "Resistance to HIV-Protease Inhibitors".
Bristol-Myers Squibb Symposium. ICAAC, Toronto, Canada. September 1997. "HIV Kinetics, Compartments and Clinical Decisions".
GlaxoWellcome Symposium. 37th Annual Meeting at ICAAC. Toronto, Canada. September 1997. "Antiretroviral Strategies for Today’s HIV Patient".
Bristol-Myers Squibb Visiting Faculty Program. New York, NY. October 5, 1997. "Resistance of Antiretroviral Treatment".
Mount Sinai Medical Center Meeting. New York, NY. October 29, 1997. "Post Exposure Prophylaxis to HIV in the Health Care Setting".
N.E. Regional American Society for Microbiology. Mystic, CT. October 1997. "HIV Replication Dynamics: Therapeutic Implications".
Wellcome Foundation Lectures, Madrid, Spain. 1997. "HIV Replication Dynamics and Therapy".
Greek National Conference on AIDS, Athens, Greece. 1997. "Eradication of HIV Infection. Where Are We Now?"
3rd Argentine Congress, Mar de Plata, Argentina 1997. "HIV Replication Dynamics and Therapy".
Infectious Disease Ground Rounds. UTSW Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, TX. February 1998. "Virologic and Immunologic Effects of Antiviral Therapy in Primary HIV Infection".
Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Philadelphia, PA. February 1998. "Treatment of HIV Infection".
British HIV Association. Oxford, England. March 1998. "Prospects for HIV Eradication".
1st International Symposium on Salvage Therapy. New Orleans, LA. April 1998. "Resistance to Protease Inhibitors".
HIV Center Ground Rounds Columbia University, New York, NY. April 1998. "Prospects for HIV Eradication".
Australian National Council for AIDS and Related Diseases. Sydney, Australia. July 1998. "Future Directions of HIV Clinical Research".
American Society of Microbiology Retrovirology Symposium. New York, NY. November 1998. "HIV-1 Infection-Tissue/Cellular Reservoirs".
Center for AIDS Research Annual Conference, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. November 1998. "Ongoing Viral Replication During HAART".
State Conference on Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, NYS Department of Health, Albany, NY. December 1998. "Importance of Identifying New HIV Infections".
11th Annual Houston Conference on AIDS. Houston, TX. April 1999. "Antiretroviral Therapy, 1999".
Asian AIDS Conference, Beijing, China. May 1999. "HAART Treatment Strategies To Arrest the HIV Virus".
NIAID/NIH. Bethesda, MD. June 1999. "Advances in the Management of HIV/AIDS: A Conference for Primary Health Care Providers".
XVI Chilean Conference in Infectious Diseases. Pucon, Chile. August 1999. "HIV Pathogenesis-Update" and "Antiretroviral Therapy-Prospects for the New Millennium".
International AIDS Society, Rome State of the Art Conference on Treatment of HIV Infection. Rome, Italy. September 1999. "Ongoing Viral Replication Despite HAART: Intensification and Activation".
2nd Frankfurt Symposium on the Clinical Implications of HIV Drug Resistance. Frankfurt, Germany. February 2000. "Pathways to Failure of HAART".
Australian/Asian Pacific Postgraduate Forum. Lan Gkawi, Malaysia. March 2000. "Achieving Balance In Antiretroviral Treatment and Prevention".
GlaxoWellcome and BioChem Pharma Satellite Symposium, IX Annual Canadian Association for HIV Research. Montreal, Canada. April 2000. "Optimizing Clinical Management through HIV Resistance Testing".
Infectious Diseases Grand Rounds St Vincent’s Hosp. New York, NY. May 2000. "Ongoing Viral Replication During HAART".
Infectious Diseases Grand Rounds North Shore University Hosp. Long Island, NY. June 2000. "Can HIV-1 Still be Eradicated?"
Scientific Advisory Meeting Agouron Pharmaceuticals. Cape Town, South Africa. July 2000. "Long Term Virologic and Immunologic Effects of HAART Containing Nelfinavir".
13th Annual International AIDS Conference Symposium on Antiviral Therapy. Durban, South Africa. July 2000. "The Scientific Basis for HAART".
International AIDS Society SHARE Program. Buenos Aires, Argentina. September 2000. "Optimizing HAART".
International AIDS Society, USA. New York, NY. September 2000. "Treatment Strategies-Case Presentations".
GlaxoWellcome HIV in Focus – PI’s in Clinical Practice. St. Petersburg, Russia. December 2000. "Sequencing Protease Inhibitors".
3rd European Symposium on Clinical Implications of HIV Drug Resistance. Frankfurt, Germany. February 2001. "Significance of Ongoing Viral Replication During HAART".
Physicians Research Network. New York, NY. March 2001. "Lessons Learned From Treating Primary HIV Infection".
World Health Resistance and Sequencing in Antiretroviral Therapy. New York, NY. April 2001. "Resistance in Sequencing Ongoing Antiretroviral Agents".
Houston Center for AIDS. Houston, TX. May 2001. "Treatment of Primary Infection".
Wellcome Foundation. Madrid and Seville, Spain. June 2001. "When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy".
XIth Symposium on HIV Infection. Toulon, France. June 2001. "Lessons Learned From Treating Primary HIV Infection".
2001 Collaborative Vaccine Workshop. Los Angeles, CA. June 2001. "Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of a Canarypox Vector in Individuals with Primary HIV Infection".
The 1st IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Buenos Aires, Argentina. July 2001. "Primary HIV Infection".
The 9th SCBA International Symposium, Society of Chinese Bioscientists in America. Taipei, Taiwan. August 2001. "Therapy of HIV Infection".
GlaxoSmithKline Symposium, Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Hong Kong. August 2001. "Optimizing HAART Therapy".
National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, MD. January 2002. "Therapeutic Vaccine and Drug Discontinuation In the Context of HAART".
Coast Provincial General Hospital. Mombassa, Kenya. January 2002. "HIV Therapy: Update".
Medical Grand Rounds University of Nairobi Medical School. Nairobi, Kenya. January 2002. "HIV Therapy: Update".
Medical Grand Rounds Moi University School of Medicine. Eldoret, Kenya. January 2002. "HIV Therapy: Update".
Aga Khan Hospital. Nairobi, Kenya. January 2002. "Structured Treatment Interruptions".
Gilead Symposium. San Francisco, CA. February 2002. "Using Viral Dynamics to Determine Potency of Novel Antiviral Agents".
The New York Academy of Medicine. New York, NY. April 2002. "Epidemiology of HIV Resistance".
UCSF Symposium on Antiviral Chemotherapy: New Directions for Clinical Application and Research. San Francisco, CA. April 2002. "Therapeutic Immunization for HIV Infection".
Gilead Sciences Symposium. Crete, Greece. September 2002. "Tenofovir DF-A Potent New Treatment for HIV-1 Infected Drug Naïve Individuals".
Körber Symposium 2003. Hamburg, Germany. May 2003. "Adjunctive Immunization Combined With HAART In the Treatment of Primary HIV-1 Infection".
AIDS 2003. Hamburg, Germany. May 2003. "Viral Persistence and Its Effect on the Host".
15th Annual Conference of the Australian Society for HIV Medicine. Cairns, Australia. October, 2003. "The Future of Antiviral Therapy".
15th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for HIV Medicine. Cairns, Australia. October, 2003. "The Transmission and Fitness of Drug Resistant HIV-1".
9th International Conference on HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Punta del Este, Uruguay. December, 2003. "Inhibitors of HIV-1 Entry".
International Symposium on Acute HIV Infection, Berlin, Germany. May, 2004. "Acute and Early HIV Infection, Lessons Learned and Future Goals".
NY Metro HIV Grand Rounds. New York, NY. June 2004. "Treating Acute and Early HIV Infection, Lessons Learned and Future Goals".
AIDS in India Symposium, Bangalore, India. August, 2004. "The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection".
Medical Grand Rounds, Boring Hospital, Bangalore, India. August 2004. "The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection".
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Advanced Topics in Infectious Diseases. New York, NY September 2004. "Acute HIV-1 Infection".
International Meeting of the Institute of Human Virology. Baltimore, MD. November 2004. "Exploring Adjuvants to HAART In the Setting of Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection".
Italian AIDS Conference Symposium, Milan, Italy. November 2004. "Induction-Maintenance with Trizivir and Efavirenz to Treat HIV-1 Infection".
Australian-Asian Pacific Postgraduate Forum, Gold Coast, Australia. April 2005. "Initial Therapy for HIV-1 Infection".
The 3rd IAS Conference. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. July 2005. "HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment". "CCR5 Antagonists: Role in HIV Therapeutics".
Medical Grand Rounds at Mt. Sinai Hospital. New York, NY. October 2005. "Transmission of Multidrug Resistant and Dual Tropic HIV-1 Associated with an Accelerated Clinical Course – Facts, Deductions and Decisions".
Medical Seminars in Clinical Research - Rockefeller University, New York, NY. November 2005. "Transmission of Multidrug Resistant and Dual Tropic HIV-1 Associated with an Accelerated Clinical Course – Facts, Deductions and Decisions".
6th Annual Symposium on Antiviral Drug Resistance. Chantilly, VA. November 2005. "The Clinical Significance of Drug Resistance: Populations, Patients, and Polymerases".
Medical Grand Rounds at S.U.N.Y, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. December 2005. "Transmission of Multidrug Resistant and Dual Tropic HIV-1 Associated with an Accelerated Clinical Course – Facts, Deductions and Decisions".
Clinical Seminar – Merck Pharmaceuticals, West Point, PA January 2006. "Acute and Early HIV Infection: Lessons Learned and Future Goals".
BIOCEO and Investor Conference, New York, NY. February 2006. "New Wave of HIV Drugs".
Clinical Care Options, New York Marriott, New York, NY. March 2006. "Novel Classes of Antiretrovirals: Update on CCR5 Antagonists and Integrase Inhibitors".
Medical Grand Rounds at St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY. March, 2007. "The Role of the GI Tract in the Pathogenesis of Acute HIV Infection".
Pioneers in Science Lecture, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. May, 2007. "The Role of the GI Tract in the Pathogenesis of Acute HIV Infection".
19th Annual Conference of the Australian Society for HIV Medicine. Sydney, Australia. July, 2007. "Studies in Acute HIV Infection: Lessons for Immunopathogenesis".
CCO Symposium on the Basic Science and Clinical Applications of Integrase Inhbitors. ICAAC, Washington, DC. October, 2008. Chair and speaker, “Clinical Trial Results of Integrase Inhibitors”.
Face the Nation Symposium, ICAAC, Washington, DC. October, 2008. “The Management of the Treatment Experienced Patient and New Agents”
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. November, 2008. “The Role of the GI Tract in HIV Pathogenesis”.
Montreal, QC, Canada. December, 2008. “The Role of Integrase Inhibitors in the Management of HIV Disease”.

Ho, D.D., Neumann, A.U., Perelson, A.S., Chen, W., Leonard, J.M., and Markowitz, M. 1995. Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infection. Nature 373:123-26. [view]
Markowitz, M., Mo, M., Kempf, D., Norbeck, D., Bhat, T., Erickson J.W., and Ho. D.D. 1995. Selection and Analysis of HIV-1 Variants with Increased Resistance to ABT-538, a Novel Protease Inhibitor. J. Virol. 69(2):701-06. [view]
Markowitz, M., Saag, M., Powderly, W., Hurley, A., Hsu, A., Valdes, J., Henry, D., Sattler, F., LaMarca, A., Leonard, J.M., and Ho. D.D. 1995. A Preliminary Study of Ritonavir, an Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease, to Treat HIV-1 Infection. N. Eng. J. Med. 333:1534-39. [view]
Perelson, A., Neumann, A.U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J.M., and Ho, D.D. 1996. HIV-1 Dynamics In Vivo: Virion Clearance Rate, Infected Cell Life Span, and Viral Generation Time. Science 271:1582-86. [view]
Molla, A., Korneyeva, M., Gao, Q., Vasavanonda, S. Schipper, P.J., Mo, H., Markowitz, M., Chernyavskty, T., Niu, P., Lyons, N., Hsu, A., Granneman, G.R., Ho, D.D., Boucher, C.A.B., Leonard, J.M., Norbeck, D.W., and Kempf, D. 1996. Ordered Accumulation of Mutations in HIV Protease Confers Resistance to Ritonavir. Nat. Med. 2:760-66. [view]
Perelson, A.S., Essunger, P., Cao, Y., Vesanen, M., Hurley, A., Saksela, K., Markowitz, M., and Ho D.D. 1997. Decay Characteristics of HIV-1-Infected Compartments During Combination Therapy. Nature 387:188-91. [view]
Markowitz, M., Conant, M., Hurley, A., Schluger, R., Duran, M., Peterkin, J., Chapman, S., Patick, A., Hendricks, A., Yuen, G.J., Hoskins, W., Clendennin, N, and Ho, D.D. 1998. A Preliminary Evaluation of Nelfinavir Meyslate, an Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Protease, to Treat HIV Infection. J.Infect.Dis. 177:1533-40. [view]
Eastman, P.S., J. Mittler, R. Kelso, C. Gee, E. Boyer, J. Kolberg, M. Urdea, J.M. Leonard, D. W. Norbeck, H. Mo, and Markowitz, M.. 1998. Genotypic Changes In Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Associated With Loss of Suppression of Plasma Viral RNA Levels In Subjects Treated With Ritonavir (Norvir) Monotherapy. J. Virol. 72:5154-64. [view]
Ogg, G. S., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Dunbar, P. R., Nowak, M.A., Monard, S., Segal, J. P., Cao, Y., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Cerundolo, V., Hurley, A. Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D., Nixon, D. F., and McMichael, A. J. 1998. Quantitation of HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Plasma Load of RNA. Science 279(5359):2103-06. [view]
Patick, A.K., Duran, M., Cao, Y., Shugarts, D., Keller, M.R., Mazabel, E., Knowles, M., Chapman, S., Kuritzkes, D.R., and Markowitz, M. 1998. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Isolated From Patients Treated With the Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 42:2367-44. [view]
Markowitz, M., Vesanen, M., Tenner-Racz, K., Cao, Y., Binley, J.M., Talal, A., Hurley, A., Jin, X., Chaudhry, M.R., Yaman, M., Frankel, S., Heath-Chiozzi, M., Leonard, J.M., Moore, J.P., Racz, P., Nixon, D.F., and Ho, D.D. 1999. The Effect of Commencing Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Soon After Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection on Viral Replication and Antiviral Immune Responses. J. Infect. Dis. 179:527-37. [view]
Nixon, D.F., Douek, D., Kuebler, P.J., Jin, X., Vesanen, M., Bonhoeffer, S., Cao, Y., Koup, R.A., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 1999. Molecular Tracking of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Specific Cytotoxic T-cell Clone Shows Persistence of Clone-specific T-cell Receptor DNA But Not RNA Following Early Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Immunol. Letters. 66:219-28. [view]
Lewin, S.R., Vesanen, M., Kostrikis, L., Hurley, A., Duran, M., Zhang, L., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 1999. Use of Real-time PCR and Molecular Beacons to Detect Virus Replication In Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Individuals On Prolonged Effective Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 73:6099-6103. [view]
Zhang, L., Ramratnam, B., Tenner-Racz, K., He, Y., Vesanen, M., Lewin, S., Talal, A., Racz, P., Perelson, A.S., Korber, B.T., Markowitz, M., and Ho, D.D. 1999. Quantifying Residual HIV-1 Replication In Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. N. Eng. J. Med. 340:1605-13. [view]
Boden, D., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Guo, Y., Jones, E., Tsay, J., Ip, J., Farthing, C., Limoli, K., Parkin, N., and Markowitz, M. 1999. Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance In 80 Newly Infected Individuals. JAMA 282:1135-41. [view]
Ortiz, G.M., Nixon, D.F., Trkola, A., Binley, J., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Kuebler, P.J., Donahoe, S.M., Demoitie, M.A., Kakimoto, W.M., Ketas, T., Clas, B., Heymann, J.J., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Hurley, A., Moore, J.P., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 1999. HIV-1-Specific Immune Responses in Subjects Who Temporarily Contain Virus Replication after Discontinuation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 104:R13-18. [view]
Ramratnam, B., Mittler, J.E., Zhang, L., Boden, D., Hurley, A., Fang, F., Macken, C.A., Perelson, A.S., Markowitz, M., and Ho, D.D. 2000. The Decay Of the latent Reservoir of Replication-competent HIV-1 Is Inversely Correlated with the Extent of Residual Viral Replication during Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy. Nat. Med. 6:82-85. [view]
Zhang, L., Chung, C., Hu, B., He, T., Guo, Y., Kim, A.J., Skulsky, E., Jin, X., Hurley, A., Ramratnam, B., Markowitz, M., and Ho, D.D. 2000. Genetic Characterization of Rebounding HIV-1 after Cessation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 106(7):839-45. [view]
Talal, A.H., Monard, S., Vesanen, M., Zheng, Z., Hurley, A., Cao, Y., Fang, F.N., Irwin, C., Smiley, L., Johnson, J., Ho, D.D., Kost, R., and Markowitz, M. 2001. Virologic and Immunologic Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 In Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue. JAIDS 26:1-7. [view]
Kost, R.G., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Vesanen, M., Talal, A., Furlan, S., Caldwell, P., Johnson, J., Smiley, L., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2001. An Open Label Phase II Trial: Amprenavir, Abacavir, and Zidovudine/Lamivudine in Newly and Chronically HIV-1-Infected Subjects. JAIDS 26:332-39. [view]
Jin, X., Ramanathan, Jr., M., Barsoum, S., Deschenes, G.R., Ba, L., Binley, J., Schiller, D., Bauer, D.E., Chen, D.C., Hurley, A., Gebuhrer, L., El Habib, R., Caudrelier, P., Klein, M., Zhang, L., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2002. Safety and Immunogenicity of ALVAC vCP1452 and Recombinant gp160 in Newly Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type1-Infected Patients Treated with Prolonged Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 76:2206-16. [view]
Simon, V., Vanderhoeven, J., Hurley, A., Ramratnam, B., Louie, M., Dawson, K., Parkin, N., and Markowitz, M. 2002. Evolving Patterns of HIV-1 Resistance to Antiretroviral Agents in Newly Infected Individuals. AIDS 16:1511-19. [view]
Little, S.J., Holte, S., Routy, J.-P., Daar, E.S., Markowitz, M., Collier, A.C., Koup, R.A., Mellors, J.W., Connick, E., Conway, B., Kilby, M., Wang, L., Whitcomb, J.M., Hellman, N.S., and Richman, D D. 2002. Antiretroviral-Drug Resistance Among Patients Recently Infected With HIV. NEJM 347(6):385-94. [view]
Markowitz, M., Jin, X., Hurley, A., Simon, V., Ramratnam, B., Louie, M., Deschenes, G.R., Ramanathan, M., Barsoum, S., Vanderhoeven, J., He, T., Chung, C., Murray, J., Perelson, A.S., Zhang, L., and Ho, D.D. 2002. Discontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy Commenced Early In the Course of HIV-1 Infection With or Without Adjunctive Vaccination. J Inf. Dis. 186:634-49. [view]
Louie, M., Hogan, C., Di Mascio, M., Hurley, A., Simon, V., Rooney, J., Ruiz, N., Brun, S., Sun, E., Perelson, A., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2003. Determining the Relative Efficacy Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Inf. Dis. 187:896-900. [view]
Markowitz, M., Louie, M., Di Mascio M., Sun, E., Perelson A., Ho, D.D. 2003. A Novel Antiviral Intervention Results in More Accurate Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Dynamics and T-cell Decay In Vivo. J. Virol. 77(8):5037-38. [view]
Simon, V., Padte, N., Murray, D., Vanderhoeven, J., Wrin, T., Parkin, N., Di Mascio, M., and Markowitz, M. 2003. Infectivity and Replication Capacity of Drug-resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Isolated during Primary Infection. J Virol. 77(14):7736-45. [view]
Ramratnam, B., Ribeiro, R., He, T., Chung, C., Simon, V., Vanderhoeven, J., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Perelson, A.S., Ho, D.D., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Intensification of Antiretroviral Therapy Accelerates the Decay of the Latent Reservoir of HIV-1 and Decreases But Does Not Eliminate Ongoing Virus Replication. JAIDS. 35(1):33-37. [view]
Mehandru, S., Poles, M.A., Tenner-Racz, K., Horowitz, A., Hurley, A., Hogan, C., Boden, D., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Primary HIV-1 Infection Is Associated With Preferential Depletion of CD4+ T Lymphocytes From Effector Sites in the Gastrointestinal Tract. J Exp Med. 200(6):761-70. [view]
Mehandru, S., Wrin, T., Galovich J., Stiegler, G., Vcelar, B., Hurley, A., Hogan, C., Vasan, S., Katinger, H., Petropoulos, C.J., and Markowitz, M. 2004. Neutralization Profiles of Newly Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Monoclonal Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10. J. Virol. 78(24):14039-42. [view]
Markowitz, M., Mohri, H., Mehandru, S., Shet, A., Berry, L., Kalyanaraman, R. Kim, A., Chung, C., Jean-Pierre, P., Horowitz, A., La Mar, M., Wrin, T., Parkin, N., Poles, M., Petropoulos, C., Mullen, M., Boden, D., and Ho, D.D. 2005. Infection with Multi-drug Resistant, Dual-tropic HIV-1 and Rapid Progression of AIDS: A Case Report. Lancet 365(9464):1031-38. [view]
Markowitz, M., Hill-Zabala, C., Lang, J., DeJesus, E., Qiming, L., Lanier, E.R., Davis, E.A., and Shaefer, M. for the ESS40013 Study Team. 2005. Induction With Abacavir/Lamivudine/Zidovudine + Efavirenz for 48 Weeks Followed by 48-week Maintenance With Abacavir/Lamivudine/Zidovudine Alone in Antiretroviral Naïve HIV-1 Infected Patients. JAIDS 39(3):257-64. [view]
Mehandru, S., Tenner-Racz, K., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2005. The Gastrointestinal Tract is Critical to the Pathogenesis of Acute HIV-1 Infection. J of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 116:419-22. [view]
Shet, A., Berry, L., Mohri, H., Mehandru, S., Chung, C., Kim, A., Jean-Pierre, P., Hogan, C., Simon, V., Boden, B. and Markowitz, M. 2006. Tracking the Prevalence of Transmitted Antiretroviral Drug-Resistant HIV-1: A Decade of Experience. JAIDS 41(4):439-46. [view]
Mehandru, S., Poles, M.A., Tenner-Racz, K., Manuelli, Jean-Pierre, P., Lopez, P., Shet, A., Low, A., Mohri, H., Boden, D., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2006. Lack of Mucosal Immune Reconstitution during Prolonged Treatment of Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Med ¬3(12):e484. [view]
Markowitz, M., Morales-Ramirez, J.O., Nguyen, B.Y., Kovacs, C.M., Steigbigel, R.T., Cooper, D.A., Loprace, R., Schwartz, R., Isaacs, R., Gilde, L.R., Wenning, L., Zhao, J., Teppler, H., and the Protocol 004 Study Team. 2006. Antiretroviral Activity, Dosed Monotherapy for 10 Days in Treatment-Naive HIV-1 Infected. JAIDS 43(5):509-515. [view]
Mehandru, S. Poles, M/A., Tenner- Racz, K., Manuelli, Jean-Pierre, P., Lopez, P., Shet, A., Low, A., Mohri, H., Boden, D., Racz, P., and Markowitz, M. 2006. Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal CD4+ T Cell Depletion during Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 81(2):599-612. [view]
Mehandru, S., Vcelar, B., Wrin, T., Stiegler, G., Joos, B., Mohri, H., Boden, D., Galovich, J., Racz-Tenner, K., Racz, P., Carrington, M., Petropoulos, C., Katinger, H., Markowitz, M. 2007. Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection. J Virol 81 (20):11016-31. [view]
Markowitz, M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E, Mendo F, Ratanasuwan W, Kovacs C, Prada G, Morales-Ramirez JO, Crumpacker CS, Isaacs RD, Gilde LR, Wan H, Miller MD, Wenning LA, Teppler H; Protocol 004 Part II Study Team. 2007. Rapid and durable antiretroviral effect of the HIV-1 Integrase inhibitor raltegravir as part of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: results of a 48-week controlled study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46(2):125-33. [view]
Evering TH, Markowitz, M. 2007. Raltegravir (MK-0518): An integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1. Drugs Today 43(12):865-77. [view]
Evering TH, Markowitz, M. 2008. Raltegravir: an integrase inhibitor for HIV-1. Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs. 17(3): 413-422. [view]
Mohri H, Markowitz, M. 2008. In vitro characterization of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 isolates from a recently infected patient associated with dual tropism and rapid disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 48(5):511-21. [view]
Prada N, Davis B, Jean-Pierre P, La Roche M, Duh FM, Carrington M, Poles M, Mehandru S, Mohri H, Markowitz, M. 2008. Drug-susceptible HIV-1 infection despite intermittent fixed-dose combination tenofovir/emtricitabine as prophylaxis is associated with low-level viremia, delayed seroconversion, and an attenuated clinical course. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 49(2):117-22. [view]
Shet A, Mathema B, Mediavilla JR, Kishii K, Mehandru S, Jeane-Pierre P, Laroche M, Willey BM, Kreiswirth N, Markowitz M, Kreiswirth BN. Protocol 004 Part II Study Team. 2009. Colonization and subsequent skin and soft tissue infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a cohort of otherwise healthy adults infected with HIV type 1. J Infect Dis. 200(1):88-93.[view]
Markowitz M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E, Mendo F, Ratanasuwan W, Kovacs C, Prada G, Morales-Ramirez JO, Crumpacker CS, Isaacs RD, Campbell H, Strohmaier KM, Wan H, Danovich RM, Teppler H; Protocol 004 Part II Study Team. 2009. Sustained antiretroviral effect of raltegravir after 96 weeks of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 52(3):350-6.[view]
Low A, Prada N, Topper M, Vaida F, Castor D, Mohri H, Hazuda D, Muesing M, Markowitz M. 2009. Natural polymorphisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and inherent susceptibilities to a panel of integrase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53(10):4275-82.[view]
Markowitz M, Vaida F, Hare CB, Boden D, Mohri H, Hecht FM, Kalayjian RC, Conrad A, Mildvan D, Aberg J, Hogan C, Kilby JM, Balfour HH Jr, Schafer K, Richman D, Little S. 2010. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 201(9):1298-302. [view]
Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Teppler H, Eron JJ, Gatell JM, Kumar PN, Rockstroh JK, Schechter M, Katlama C, Markowitz M, Yeni P, Loutfy MR, Lazzarin A, Lennox JL, Clotet B, Zhao J, Wan H, Rhodes RR, Strohmaier KM, Barnard RJ, Isaacs RD, Nguyen BY; BENCHMRK Study Teamsa. 2010. Long-term efficacy and safety of Raltegravir combined with optimized background therapy in treatment-experienced patients with drug-resistant HIV infection: week 96 results of the BENCHMRK 1 and 2 phase iii trials. Clin Infect Dis. 50(4):605-12. [view]
Vasan S, Schlesinger SJ, Huang Y, Hurley A, Lombardo A, Chen Z, Than S, Adesanya P, Bunce C, Boaz M, Boyle R, Sayeed E, Clark L, Dugin D, Schmidt C, Song Y, Seamons L, Dally L, Ho M, Smith C, Markowitz M, Cox J, Gill DK, Gilmour J, Keefer MC, Fast P, Ho DD. 2010. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADVAX, a multigenic, DNA-based clade C/B' HIV-1 candidate vaccine. PLoS One. 5(1):e8617. [view]
Rosenberg ES, Graham BS, Chan ES, Bosch RJ, Stocker V, Maenza J, Markowitz M, Little S, Sax PE, Collier AC, Nabel G, Saindon S, Flynn T, Kuritzkes D, Barouch DH; AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5187 Team. 2010. Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccination in individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy during acute/early HIV-1 infection. PLoS One. 5(5):e10555. [view]
Li H, Bar KJ, Wang S, Decker JM, Chen Y, Sun C, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Learn GH, Morgan CJ, Schumacher JE, Hraber P, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Korber BT, Perelson AS, Eron JJ, Cohen MS, Hicks CB, Haynes BF, Markowitz M, Keele BF, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. 2010. High Multiplicity Infection by HIV-1 in Men Who Have Sex with Men. PLoS Pathog. 6(5):e1000890. [view]
Miura T, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA, Rosato P, Sela J, Brumme CJ, Pereyra F, Kaufmann DE, Trocha A, Block BL, Daar ES, Connick E, Jessen H, Kelleher AD, Rosenberg E, Markowitz M, Schafer K, Vaida F, Iwamoto A, Little S, Walker BD. 2010. Impaired replication capacity of acute/early viruses in persons who become HIV controllers. J Virol. 84(15):7581-91. [view]
Sabado RL, O'Brien M, Subedi A, Qin L, Hu N, Taylor E, Dibben O, Stacey A, Fellay J, Shianna KV, Siegal F, Shodell M, Shah K, Larsson M, Lifson J, Nadas A, Marmor M, Hutt R, Margolis D, Garmon D, Markowitz M, Valentine F, Borrow P, Bhardwaj N. 2010. Evidence of dysregulation of dendritic cells in primary HIV infection. Blood. 116(19):3839-52. [view]
Prada N, Markowitz M. 2010. Novel integrase inhibitors for HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 19(9):1087-98. [view]
Brockman MA, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Miura T, Sela J, Rosato PC, Kadie CM, Carlson JM, Markle TJ, Streeck H, Kelleher AD, Markowitz M, Jessen H, Rosenberg E, Altfeld M, Harrigan PR, Heckerman D, Walker BD, Allen TM. 2010. Early selection in Gag by protective HLA alleles contributes to reduced HIV-1 replication capacity that may be largely compensated in chronic infection. J Virol. 84(22):11937-49. [view]
International HIV Controllers Study, Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, de Bakker PI, Markowitz M, … Zhao M. 2010. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science. 330(6010):1551-7.
Meditz AL, MaWhinney S, Allshouse A, Feser W, Markowitz M, Little S, Hecht R, Daar ES, Collier AC, Margolick J, Kilby JM, Routy JP, Conway B, Kaldor J, Levy J, Schooley R, Cooper DA, Altfeld M, Richman D, Connick E. 2011. Sex, race, and geographic region influence clinical outcomes following primary HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 203(4):442-51. [view]
O'Brien M, Manches O, Sabado RL, Baranda SJ, Wang Y, Marie I, Rolnitzky L, Markowitz M, Margolis DM, Levy D, Bhardwaj N. 2011. Spatiotemporal trafficking of HIV in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells defines a persistently IFN-α-producing and partially matured phenotype. J Clin Invest. 121(3):1088-101. [view]
Hecht FM, Wellman R, Busch MP, Pilcher CD, Norris PJ, Margolick JB, Collier AC, Little SJ, Markowitz M, Routy JP, Holte S; the Acute Infection Early Disease Research Program. 2011. Identifying the Early Post-HIV Antibody Seroconversion Period. J Infect Dis. 204(4):526-33. [view]
Evering TH, Mehandru S, Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Poles MA, Figueroa A, Mohri H, Markowitz M; Absence of HIV-1 evolution in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue from patients on combination antiviral therapy initiated during primary infection. 2012. PLoS Pathog. 2012 Feb;8(2):e1002506. [view]
Castor D, Low A, Evering T, Karmon S, Davis B, Figueroa A, Lamar M, Garmon D, Mehandru S, Markowitz M; Transmitted Drug Resistance and Phylogenetic Relationships Among Acute and Early HIV-1-Infected Individuals in New York City. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 Sep 1;61(1):1-8. [view]

Martin Markowitz	Professor, Clinical Director
Leslie Bernard	Research Technician
Teresa H. Evering	Research Scientist
Sharon Karmon	Clinical Scholar
Melissa La Mar	Study Coordinator
Saurabh Mehandru	Visiting Scientist
Hiroshi Mohri	Research Scientist
Kristina Rodriguez	Research Technician
Angela Walker	Consultant

Scientific Overview